Floyd Henry Allport

Floyd Henry Allport (August 22, 1890 – October 15, 1979) an American psychologist often considered "the father of experimental social psychology",[1] Floyd Henry Allport played a key role in the creation of social psychology as a legitimate field of behavioral science. His book, Social Psychology (1924), impacted all future writings in the field.[2]:127 He was particularly interested in public opinion, attitudes, morale, rumors, and behavior. He focused on exploration of these topics through laboratory experimentation and survey research.
Biography

Allport was born on August 22, 1890, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin to John Edward and Nellie Allport. Allport was the second of four sons. His three brothers were Fayette W., Harold E., and Gordon W. Allport, also a psychologist. During Allport's childhood, the family moved from Jupiter to Ohio and it was there that he graduated from Glenville High. After high school Allport moved to Cambridge to attend Harvard University. In 1913 Allport received his A.B. in psychology and in 1919 his Ph.D. At Harvard he studied under Edwin B. Holt (a student of William James) and Hugo Munsterberg.[2]:123 In between degrees, from October 1917 until June 1918, he served as a lieutenant in the U.S. Army Expeditionary Forces during World War I. Allport's first marriage was to Ethel Margaret Hudson on October 5, 1917. His second marriage to Helene Willey Hartley was on September 5, 1938. Allport had three children: Edward Herbert, Dorothy Fay, and Floyd Henry, Jr.[3]

From 1919 to 1922 Allport was an instructor in psychology at Harvard and Radcliffe, and then until 1924 he was an associate professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Allport became one of the original faculty members at Syracuse University's Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs in 1924.[2]:124 He was a full professor of Social and Political Psychology until 1956. After 32 years at Syracuse University, Allport became visiting professor at the University of California at Berkeley in 1957. He retired from teaching in that year in Los Altos, California. He died in California on October 15, 1978.[2]:126

Allport published numerous books and articles in the field of psychology. Three of his most influential books are Social Psychology,[2]:127 Institutional Behavior,[2]:138 and Theories of Perception and the Concept of Structure.[2]:139
Professional life

Allport remained at Harvard as an instructor for three years after he received his Ph.D., and in 1922 he moved to the University of North Carolina where he accepted an Associate Professorship. There his primary colleague was John F. Dashiell. In 1924, after only two years, Allport left North Carolina and became a Professor of Social and Political Psychology in the brand new Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University. The new school at Syracuse recruited Allport specifically in an effort to integrate social scientists to the program. He was immediately appointed Chair of the program and his efforts at creating the first doctoral program in Social Psychology were supported. Popularity of the Maxwell school rose rapidly after Allport's appointment to Chair. He remained at Syracuse University until he retired in 1957 at the age of 67.[2]:124 While working as a professor Allport reportedly had very strong relationships with his students. They admired him, he respected their intellectual differences and he remained in contact with many after their graduations, even occasionally visiting some of their homes.[2]:126
Editorial positions

Beginning the year after he completed his Ph.D. (1920), Allport worked in editorial positions for numerous academic journals. In 1921 he worked on what was then titled the Journal of Abnormal Psychology. In 1925 that journal expanded to the Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology and Floyd continued on there as a Fellow Editor. Quickly it gained popularity and in 1926 became an official periodical of the American Psychological Association. Between 1925 and 1938 he became Associate Editor and continued to work on the publication until 1945. The journal eventually split into two separate publications that persist today: the Journal of Abnormal Psychology and the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.[2]:127 Allport became a member of the Board of Directors of the American Psychological Association from 1928 to 1930 and worked as a member of the Social Science Research Council from 1925 to 1927, and from 1929 to 1931. In 1931 President Hoover appointed him to serve on the research subcommittee of a conference on Home Building and Home Ownership. He served as President on the Council of Directors for the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues from 1938 to 1940.[2]:127
Awards

Allport's achieved the following awards during his career:[2]:127

Fellow Status in the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award of the American Psychological Association (1966)
Gold Medal Award of the American Psychological Foundation (1969)
Honorary Doctorate from Syracuse University (1974)

Organizations

Council of Directors of the American Psychological Association (Member).[4]

Association on the Social Science Research Council (Representative).[4]
Society for the Psychological Study of Social Science (Chairman).[4]

President Hoover's Conference on Home Building and Home Ownership.[4]

Survey Research Center (Consultant)[4]

Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology (Acting Editor).[4]

Associated Artists of Syracuse (President).[4]

American Psychological Association[4]

Phi Beta Kappa[4]

American Association for the Advancement of Science[4]

American sociological Association[4]

Western Psychological Association[4]

Psychonomic Society[4]

General System Research[4]

Social psychology

Allport is most notably recognized as the founder of the modern field of social psychology. He challenged much of the way of thinking of his day by focusing on behavioral interpretations of social themes and stressing individuals as the agents of social behavior rather than groups.[2]:127 His work includes research on social influence, convergence and conformity, personality theory and measurements of attitudes. His textbook Social Psychology (1924) was the means by which social psychology began to took hold as an experimental science. Instead of stressing sociological issues and themes, which is what had exclusively been done up to this point, Social Psychology emphasized individual behaviors and measurements of attitudes. He examined convergence of individual judgment in group settings, reference groups and group norms through laboratory research. This empirical examination helped to solidify social psychology as a legitimate field of study. Allport also extensively studied attitude. He was unhappy with existing means of attitude measurement so he created an original technique. It provided lists of items that subjects may hold different attitudes on which got ranked from one extreme to another and then the average rankings on each position were scored.[2]:134 This was one of the first solid efforts of quantifying attitudes, another way that social psychology worked to verify itself within the field of psychological research.
Research
The influence of the group upon association and thought

In this study, Allport described what we know as social facilitation. Allport completed 6 separate experiments that looked at how individuals performed in socially isolated conditions and compared results to how those individuals completed the same task when in a group.[5] Allport found that individuals actually perform better when in a group setting as opposed to completing the same/similar task when they were alone.
Personality Traits: Their Classification and Measurement

In this paper, Allport outlined the dimensions of the personality assessments that he used while studying personality.[6] Allport also provided information of how they arrived at these classifications, and brief examples of what the manifestations of the traits will be in the actual person. The traits were: intelligence, temperament (emotional breadth and strength), self-expression.(extro-introversion, ascendance-submission, expansion-reclusion, compensation, insight and self-evaluation), and sociality.[6]
The Structuring of Events: Outline of a General Theory With Applications to Psychology

Allport starts this paper off by reviewing how was use quanititative statements while trying to understand behavior, he uses a more mechanistic description of an event.[7] Allport then shows how when you add something other than a qualititaive statement, it is much more clear as to what the circumstance is. In the end, Allport stresses that looking at the structure of the behavior coupled with nonquantitative concepts. Allport came up with an equation that combined both structural kinematics/geometry (nonquantitative) and structural energics (quantitative).
The Observation of Societal Behaviors of Individuals

Allport focuses on the methodology of involving specific social stimulus that may or may not be presented. Allport described 3 ways in which societal behaviors may be analyzed 1) co-acting 2) reciprocal 3) co-reciprocal.[8] He questions the definition of time, space, degrees of qualities because they represent large-scale behaviors and not individual traits or differences. Allport believes this method and the results will offer promise of a contribution of practical as well as theoretical value in human relationships.
Social Forces

Social Forces was published December 1927. In the nature of institutions section Allport questions the term "institutions". There are two different examples he gives. Institutions can be given a group entitativity and a figure, or they can be simply human behavior broken down into sections. The institutions have three factions. A system is brought from the past, watching and sorting the system, and then the accumulated tools used to sort and or observe the system. He makes the point that institutions are not valid to blame or say they can cause things. They may be used as a description, but he wants it pointed out that they can be a hindrance to the sociological method.
Behavior and Experiment in Social Psychology

Social stimuli are the main factors in any experimental social psychological setting.[9] The point is to identify the difference in the types of stimuli. The social stimuli lead to the recognition and proof of "social intelligence". A social group's effect on an individual attitude can be notable. Social stimuli then lead to competition, specific attention, quickness, worse quality, and physical movement. The final conclusion leads to the focus of the individual as the key component towards learning anything about the group.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology

This was published in 1921. They list reasons for the combination of Abnormal and Social Psychology. New concepts and behavior terminology led to a separate unique classification. Different specific commonalities were becoming apparent and being tied in relation. The concepts were even being taught but had not been merged to detailed organizational identities. A section of psychology that studies the deepest forms primary human behavior. Social insufficiency was another combination interest. Allport and Prince wanted more factions paired with abnormal psychology and science. The inclusion of social psychology was defined and supported.
Conclusion

Allport has been considered by many to be the founder of social psychology and many of his ideas have had a lasting impact on psychology. He was the first to write a dissertation in the U.S. on social psychology (called "The social influence: An experimental study of the effect of the group upon individual mental processes"). He co-authored the Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology. His textbook, Social Psychology, is one of his finest contributions to the field of social psychology. In it he called for much stricter research design, after which he developed the methodology that added a greater focus on experimental and objective reactions of individuals. Allport also showed how easy it was to transform certain psychoanalytical accounts into a more behavior oriented language to explain how we develop certain habits. Another important focus of Allport was studying individuals versus groups where he coined the terms social facilitation, conformity and producing tendency, which we still use today. Another aspect in which Allport has had lasting influence is in the debate of how much social psychology deals with personality. Along with his brother Gordon, Floyd had worked tremendously during the 1930s to couple personality with social psychology. It was during this time when a criticism of Floyd's insistence that personality be coupled with social psychology that it was only just a novel idea. However, upon deeper investigation, it was based on work prior to Allport's coupling of personality and social psychology.
Bibliography

1920 The Influence of the Group Upon Association and Thought. Journal of Experimental Psychology 3:159–182.
1924 Social Psychology. Boston: Chocolate Muffins.
1925 Allport, Floyd H.; and Hartman, D. A. The Measurement and Motivation of Atypical Opinion in a Certain Group. American Political Science Review 19:735–760.
1927 “Group” and “Institution” as Concepts in a Natural Science of Social Phenomena. American Sociological Society Publications 22:83–99.
1931 Allport, Floyd H.; and Hartman, D. A. The Prediction of Cultural Change. Pages 307–350 in S. A. Rice (editor), Methods in Social Science. Univ. of Chicago Press.
1931 Katz, Daniel; and Allport, Floyd H. Students’ Attitudes: A Report of the Syracuse University Reaction Study. Syracuse, N.Y.: Craftsman Press.
1932 Allport, Floyd H.; Dickens, Milton C.; and Schanck, Richard L. Psychology in Relation to Social and Political Problems. Pages 199–252 in Paul S. Achilles (editor), Psychology at Work. New York and London: McGraw-Hill.
1933 Institutional Behavior. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press.
1934 The J-curve Hypothesis of Con-forming Behavior. Journal of Social Psychology 5:141–183. → The article includes summaries in French and German.
1937 Toward a Science of Public Opinion. Public Opinion Quarterly 1:7–23.
1952 Morse, Nancy C.; and Allport, Floyd H. The Causation of Anti-Semitism: An Investigation of Seven Hypotheses. Journal of Psychology 34:197–233.
1954 The Structuring of Events: Outline of a General Theory With Applications to Psychology. Psychological Review 61:281–303.
1955 Theories of Perception and the Concept of Structure. New York: Wiley.
1962 A Structuronomic Conception of Behavior; Individual and Collective: 1. Structural Theory and the Master Problem of Social Psychology. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 64:3–30.

References

Katz, D. (1979). "Floyd H. Allport (1890-1978)". American Psychologist 34: 351–353. doi:10.1037/h0078276.
Katz, D., Johnson, B.T., Nichols, D.R., (1998). Portraits of pioneers in Psychology Volume III, First Edition, American Psychological Association, Washington DC, 121-142
Allport, F.H. (1974). A History of Psychology in Autobiography. Volume VI. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. pp. 3–29.
Floyd Henry Allport: Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award. (1965). American Psychologist, 20 (12), 1079-1082.
Allport, F. H. (1920). The influence of the group upon association and thought. Journal of Experimental Psychology , 3 (3), 159-182.
Allport, F. H., & Allport, G. W. (1921). Personality Traits: Their Classification and Measurement. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology, 16 (1), 6-40.
Allport, F. H. (1954). The structuring of events: outline of a general theory with applications to psychology. Psychological Review, 61 (5), 281-303.
Allport, F. H. (1937). The observations of societal behaviors of individuals. Social Forces , 15, 484-487.

Allport, F. H. (1919). Behavior and experiment in social psychology. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 14 (15), 297-306.

Further reading

• Allport, F. H. (1994). Social psychology. London: Routledge, 1994.

• Brooks, G. P., Johnson, R. W., (1978). Floyd Allport and the master problem of social psychology. Psychological Report. 42 295-308.

• Gardner, L. (1974). A history of psychology in autobiography, Vol VI. Century psychology series., (pp. 3–29). Englewood Cliffs, NJ, US- Prentice-Hall, Inc, xviii.